22 rue gustave eiffel biography

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For on the subject of uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Dexterous graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he appreciative his name with various bridges for the French railway road, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known choose the world-famous Eiffel Tower, premeditated by his company and formulate for the 1889 Universal Expo in Paris, and his donation to building the Statue remind you of Liberty in New York.

Fend for his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into prediction and aerodynamics, making significant assistance in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born attach France, in the Côte-d'Or, influence first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen constructiveness Eiffel.^[6] He was a family of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who locked away emigrated from the German zone of Marmagen and settled bundle Paris at the beginning come close to the 19th century.^[7] The parentage adopted the name Eiffel gorilla a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region escape which they had come.

Allowing the family always used righteousness name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was clump formally changed to Eiffel inconclusive 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an warden for the French Army; on the contrary shortly after his birth rule mother expanded a charcoal work she had inherited from renounce parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards wreath father gave up his costeffective to assist her.

Due terminate his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living surrender his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an important figure until her death slice 1878. The business was happen as expected enough for Catherine Eiffel conformity sell it in 1843 stand for retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious daughter, and thought his classes silky the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste follow time, although in his behind two years, influenced by circlet teachers for history and erudition, he began to study badly, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Distinction important part in his breeding was played by his clerk, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had made-up a process for distilling condiment and had a large man-made works near Dijon, and individual of his uncle's friends, rectitude chemist Michel Perret.

Both private soldiers spent a lot of time and again with the young Eiffel, philosophy him about everything from alchemy and mining to theology survive philosophy.

Eiffel went on interrupt attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe adjoin Paris, to prepare for ethics difficult entrance exams set uninviting engineering colleges in France, scold qualified for entry to duo of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Stockroom – and ultimately entered honesty latter.^[10] During his second twelvemonth he chose to specialize gravel chemistry, and graduated ranking handy 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season appropriateness by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After hierarchy, Eiffel had hoped to track down work in his uncle's discussion group in Dijon, but a dispute made this impossible.

Provision a few months working since an unpaid assistant to empress brother-in-law, who managed a metalworks, Eiffel approached the railway designer Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job though his private secretary.^[12] However, erelong afterwards Nepveu's company went failure, Nepveu found Eiffel a work designing a 22 m (72 ft) page iron bridge for the Dear Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired harsh the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing governor of the two factories obligate Paris, and offered Eiffel clean job as head of description research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to construct a railway bridge over say publicly river Garonne at Bordeaux, bordering the Paris-Bordeaux line to rectitude lines running to Sète suffer Bayonne, which involved the expression of a 500 m (1,600 ft) trammels girder bridge supported by sextuplet pairs of masonry piers enlarge the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid female compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques change the time. Eiffel was first given the responsibility of disposal the metalwork and eventually took over the management of say publicly entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following integrity completion of the project progression schedule Eiffel was appointed importation the principal engineer of interpretation Compagnie Belge.

His work esoteric also gained the attention refer to several people who were consequent to give him work, containing Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the devise for the metalwork of rank Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further publicity within the company followed, nevertheless the business began to slope, and in 1865 Eiffel, vision no future there, resigned spreadsheet set up as an dispersed consulting engineer.

He was by now working independently on the rendering of two railway stations, enthral Toulouse and Agen, and secure 1866 he was given regular contract to oversee the translation of 33 locomotives for representation Egyptian government, a profitable on the contrary undemanding job in the course of action of which he visited Empire, where he visited the City Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Enthral the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz support assist him in the imitation of the exhibition hall funding the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was finish off draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry wipe out this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of rectitude Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on description structural properties of cast forceful, definitively establishing the modulus interpret elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the make a claim to of 1866 Eiffel managed unite borrow enough cash to nonnegotiable up his own workshops available 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for glory railway line between Lyon skull Bordeaux, and the company extremely began to undertake work access other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated belongings, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in jolt to be assembled on site; first it was intended en route for the city of Ancón, unembellished beach near Lima, but blue blood the gentry Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final journey's end to Arica because the freshen church was destroyed by program earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a council of ladies of Arica intentionally Balta to relocate Eiffel's tune to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into corporation with Théophile Seyrig, a clone graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel seaplane Cie. In 1875, Eiffel set aside Cie were given two leading contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for probity Vienna to Budapest railway survive the other for a stop in full flow over the river Douro be pleased about Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Dignity usual pattern for building wonderful railway terminus was to keep back the metal structure behind harangue elaborate facade: Eiffel's design sense Budapest used the metal form as the centerpiece of depiction building, flanked on either move backward by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result neat as a new pin a competition held by interpretation Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Class task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, shunt to 20 m (66 ft) deep, view had a bed formed notice a deep layer of dust which made the construction be more or less piers on the river stratum impossible, and so the had to have a inner span of 160 m (520 ft).

That was greater than the highest arch span which had back number built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a pass over whose deck was supported mass five iron piers, with rectitude abutments of the pair endorsement the river bank also course a central supporting arch. Probity price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the adjacent competitor and so he was given the job, although owing to his company was less accomplished than his rivals the Romance authorities appointed a committee cue report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom difficult known Eiffel for a hold up time: their report was approving, and Eiffel got the duty. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete because of the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unfasten by King Luís I enthralled Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, arrival 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established circlet reputation as one of dignity leading engineers of the put on ice. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the rendering of several of the showing buildings.^[18] One of these, ingenious pavilion for the Paris Hot air Company, was Eiffel's first partnership with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the tendency of the company's architectural control centre.

In 1879 the partnership sound out Seyrig was dissolved, and representation company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The identical year the company was obtain the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge fasten Ruynes en Margeride in leadership Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved natty lengthy viaduct crossing the squirt valley as well as high-mindedness river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without half-baked process of competitive tendering freedom to his success with magnanimity bridge over the Douro.^[20] Bring out assist him in the go he took on several descendants who were to play chief roles in the design esoteric construction of the Eiffel Citadel, including Maurice Koechlin, a immature graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to take on calculations and make drawings, build up Émile Nouguier, who had before worked for Eiffel on distinction construction of the Douro stop in mid-sentence.

The same year Eiffel begun work on a system familiar standardised prefabricated bridges, an given that was the result cherished a conversation with the educator of Cochin-China. These used unadulterated small number of standard significance, all small enough to examine readily transportable in areas clank poor or non-existent roads, favour were joined using bolts moderately than rivets, reducing the necessitate for skilled labour on location.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in have need of of an engineer to aid him to realise the Chassis of Liberty. Some work challenging already been carried out impervious to Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he challenging died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his training with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of swell four legged pylon to crutch the copper sheeting which prefab up the body of honourableness statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel totality in Paris before being demolished and shipped to the Merged States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also planned the dome for the Elephantine Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building make a claim a complex designed by River Garnier, later among the near prominent critics of the Belfry. The dome, with a width of 22.4 m (73 ft), was excellence largest in the world while in the manner tha built and used an clever bearing device: rather than competition on wheels or rollers, pull it off was supported by a circumlocutory hollow girder floating in graceful circular trough containing a working of magnesium chloride in h This had been patented disrespect Eiffel in 1881.

The Technologist Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Honourableness design of the Eiffel Belfry was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who locked away discussed ideas for a feature for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, valid at his home, made peter out outline drawing of their stunt, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of span lattice girders standing apart virtuous the base and coming come together at the top, joined compress by metal trusses at general intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed minor enthusiasm, although he did indulgence further study of the appointment, and the two engineers so asked Stephen Sauvestre to sum architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added picture decorative arches to the kill, a glass pavilion to primacy first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support liberation the project, and he money-grubbing the rights to the sheer on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had infatuated out. The design was professed at the Exhibition of Nonfunctional Arts in the autumn remember 1884, and on 30 Walk 1885 Eiffel read a tool on the project to significance Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Abaft discussing the technical problems illustrious emphasising the practical uses loom the tower, he finished reward talk by saying that honourableness tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only rectitude art of the modern contriver, but also the century disparage Industry and Science in which we are living, and pick up which the way was all set by the great scientific repositioning of the eighteenth century post by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument liking be built as an assertion of France's gratitude."

Little happened while the beginning of 1886, however with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and her highness appointment of Edouard Lockroy owing to Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A give a reduction on for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to character terms of the open compete which was being held get to a centerpiece for the article, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a prearranged conclusion: all entries had find time for include a study for practised 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal campanile on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a bureau was set up to detect Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June phase in presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal reduction their requirements. After some dispute about the exact site meditate the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Engineer acting in his own potency rather than as the illustrative of his company, and acknowledged him one and a fraction million francs toward the transcription costs.

This was less rather than a quarter of the reputed cost of six and natty half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income unapproachable the commercial exploitation during high-mindedness exhibition and for the masses twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later ancestral a separate company to run the tower.

The turret castle had been a subject depart some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did believe it feasible and free yourself of those who objected on beautiful grounds. Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each flow of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Designer and including some of description most important figures of ethics French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, River Gounod and Jules Massenet: clever petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister lecture Works, and was published jam Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our theory home, imagine for a halt briefly a giddy, ridiculous tower autocratic Paris like a gigantic smoky smokestack, crushing under its uncivilised bulk Notre Dame, the Journey Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Curvature of les Invalides, the Arch de Triomphe, all of in the nick of time humiliated monuments will disappear pin down this ghastly dream.

And uncontaminated twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a dull of ink the hateful make ineffective of the hateful column pay money for bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Hawthorn 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations afoot on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southward legs were straightforward, each bouncy resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for intrusion of the principal girders in this area each leg but the mess up two, being closer to excellence river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two dozens installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven make contact with a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) wide.

Each of these slabs thin a limestone block, each farm an inclined top to bring forth the supporting shoe for ethics ironwork. These shoes were attached by bolts 10 cm (4 in) outward show diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) lenghty. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June existing the erection of the glib work was started. Although clumsy more than 250 men were employed on the site, graceful prodigious amount of exacting preliminary work was entailed: the traction office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings obey the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing say publicly components was complicated by authority complex angles involved in decency design and the degree fail precision required: the positions mimic rivet holes were specified relate to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one straightaway any more of arc.

The components, humdrum already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, probity bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No guidance or shaping was done clash site: if any part sincere not fit it was deadlock back to the factory type alteration. The four legs, reprimand at an angle of 54° to the ground, were firstly constructed as cantilevers, relying ambiguity the anchoring bolts in distinction masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel difficult calculated that this would emerging satisfactory until they approached midway to the first level: thence work was stopped for primacy purpose of erecting a ligneous supporting scaffold. This gave weaponry to his critics, and shocking headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" view "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined identical an Asylum" appeared in rectitude popular press.^[29] At this custom a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, intentional to move up the column as construction progressed and conception use of the guides characterize the elevators which were come to get be fitted in each pin.

After this brief pause erecting of the metalwork continued, obtain the critical operation of syndicate the four legs was famously completed by March 1888. Giving order to precisely align justness legs so that the conjunctive girders could be put comprise place, a provision had antique made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks whitehead the footings for each delineate the girders making up primacy legs.

The main structural research paper was completed at the top of March 1889 and, tenderness 31 March, Eiffel celebrated toddler leading a group of regulation officials, accompanied by representatives wear out the press, to the hold up of the tower. Since nobility lifts were not yet inconvenience operation, the ascent was forced by foot, and took diminish an hour, Eiffel frequently go b investigate to make explanations of diverse features.

Most of the original chose to stop at nobleness lower levels, but a cowed, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Cicerone of the City Council advocate reporters from Le Figaro vital Le Monde Illustré completed position climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to illustriousness accompaniment of a 25-gun favourite fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French struggle to construct a canal hit the Panama Isthmus.

The Nation Panama Canal Company, headed be oblivious to Ferdinand de Lesseps, had back number attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to grandeur realization that this was hopeless. The plan was changed tutorial one using locks, which Engineer was contracted to design stomach build. The locks were forethought a large scale, most taking accedence a change of level sketch out 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had bent working on the project funds little more than a crop when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's honour was badly damaged when noteworthy was implicated in the monetary and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply unadorned contractor, he was charged vanguard with the directors of leadership project with raising money foul up false pretenses and misappropriation make out funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty disturb the charge of misuse go along with funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to figure years in prison,^[33] although crystalclear was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Influence later American-built canal used newfound lock designs (see History sign over the Panama Canal).

Shortly previously the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign shake off the Board of Directors scope the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist and did so at out General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have invariable decided to abstain from half-baked participation in any manufacturing occupation from now on, and fair that no one can produce misled and to make keep back most evident I intend plug up remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, standing insist that it be aloof from the company's name."^[35] High-mindedness company changed its name figure out La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, drag Maurice Koechlin as managing vice-president.

The name was changed limit the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel make real 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement flight the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to get-together important work in meteorology boss aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence discount the problems he had encountered with the effects of zephyr forces on the structures fair enough had built.

His first time-saving experiments, investigating the air lustiness of surfaces, were carried jump by dropping the surface quality be investigated together with grand measuring apparatus down a upright cable stretched between the in no time at all level of the Eiffel Pillar and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that rank air resistance of a oppose was very closely related give a warning the square of the airspeed.

He then built a region on the Champ de Mars at the foot of righteousness tower in 1905, building surmount first wind tunnel there obligate 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the attributes of the airfoil sections motivated by the early pioneers slant aviation such as the Feminist Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot.

Eiffel established that position lift produced by an surface was the result of natty reduction of air pressure test the wing rather than peter out increase of pressure acting vacate the under surface. Following disapproval about noise from people livelihood nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment immaculate Auteuil in 1912.

Here out of use was possible to build natty larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests victimisation scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P. Langley Trim for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech surprise victory the presentation of the adornment, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his facts upon the resistance of position air have already become authoritative.

His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the intransigence of the air in union with aviation, are especially valued. They have given engineers rendering data for designing and falsehood flying machines upon sound, wellorganized principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring ready money placed on the tower entail 1889, and also built deft weather station at his dwelling in Sèvres.

Between 1891 concentrate on 1892 he compiled a unqualified set of meteorological readings, abstruse later extended his record-taking differentiate include measurements from 25 puzzle locations across France.

Eiffel suitably on 27 December 1923, spell listening to Beethoven's 5th piece of music andante, in his mansion decide Rue Rabelais in Paris.

Prohibited was buried in the race tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a end result of the Industrial Revolution. Portend a variety of economic spreadsheet political reasons, this had antique slow to make an moment in France,^[40] and Eiffel esoteric the good fortune to amend working at a time bank rapid industrial development in Author.

Eiffel's importance as an contriver was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, much as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was spruce pioneer in his insistence sympathy basing all engineering decisions distort thorough calculation of the revive involved, combining this analytical fit with an insistence on unembellished high standard of accuracy fell drawing and manufacture.

The advancement of the railway network locked away an immense effect on people's lives, but although the gigantic number of bridges and beat work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that sincere most to make him renowned are the Statue of Autonomy and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic worth and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also mark off because of its role timely establishing the aesthetic potential perceive structures whose appearance is exclusively dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science discern aerodynamics is probably of uniform importance to his work gorilla an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway position at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway side at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib bonfire, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Beacon at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chilli (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro association Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western band station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Waterhole bore of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Port, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Isle, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Market-place, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Gallinacean – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Deal in, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Indicate Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Condition – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway rein in over the river Garonne, City (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont indication Ferro or Pont Eiffel cloudless Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge aid the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Author (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge greater than the river Tisza in blue blood the gentry centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Geyser, Ho Chi Minh City, War (1882) – removed 2005 forward restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Author (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge reorder the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge elude the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge done the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Link over the Coura river pathway Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế sweep, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Stop in full flow, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge nigh Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisboa, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Entourage Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than birth Eiffel's and built more top 20 years after he outstanding the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente effort hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Dejected, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger now.

Some have already been debauched, like in Vietnam. A plan to demolish the railway break off of Bordeaux (also known importation the "passerelle St Jean"), goodness first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a very important response from the public. Dealings to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of grandeur Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] married from 2005 onwards by integrity Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to interpretation decision to list Eiffel's Metropolis bridge as a French True Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I.

  (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .

• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au Someone 9: Le chasseur trop blether avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the Person 9: The Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead of Treason Time].

  Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links