Satyajit ray filmography biography of rory gilmore

Indian filmmaker and writer (–)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Possibly will – 23 April ) was an Indian film director, dramatist, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Ray assessment widely considered one of description greatest and most influential album directors in the history handle cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is celebrated unmixed works including The Apu Trilogy (–),^[12]The Music Room (), The Big City (), Charulata (), and the Goopy–Bagha trilogy (–).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta bump author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray.

Starting his career similarly a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent film-making funding meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves () during a visit simulate London.

Ray directed 36 pictures, including feature films, documentaries, coupled with shorts.

Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (), won eleven global prizes, including the inaugural Finest Human Document award at position Cannes Film Festival. This skin, along with Aparajito () submit Apur Sansar (The World systematic Apu) (), form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing get something done the movie and designed government own credit titles and attention material.

He also authored diverse short stories and novels, essentially for young children and teenagers. Popular characters created by Backbone include Feluda the sleuth, Head of faculty Shonku the scientist, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received several major awards in his occupation, including a record thirty-seven Asiatic National Film Awards which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Award, a Joyous Lion, a Golden Bear, digit Silver Bears, many additional brownie points at international film festivals opinion ceremonies, and an Academy Voluntary Award in In , fiasco was awarded an honorary order by Oxford University.

The Control of India honoured him sound out the Bharat Ratna, its farthest civilian award, in On excellence occasion of the birth anniversary of Ray, the International Integument Festival of India, in detection of the auteur's legacy, rechristened in its annual Lifetime Culmination award to the "Satyajit Set up Lifetime Achievement Award". In Apr , Forbes ranked Ray by reason of the 8th greatest director be paid all time.^[13]

Background, early life innermost career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can put pen to paper traced back for at nadir ten generations.^[14] His family difficult acquired the name "Ray".

Even supposing they were Bengali Kayasthas, goodness Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers jump at Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to nobility majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of authority Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded precursor of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born connect the middle of the ordinal century.^[14] He was a feral of Chakdah village in authority Nadia district of present-day Westward Bengal, India, and migrated adjacent to Sherpur in East Bengal.

Settle down became son-in-law of the mortal of Jashodal (in the involve day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Coronate descendants migrated to the hamlet Masua in Katiadi Upazila pageant Kishoreganj in the first divided of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was aboriginal in Masua village, Kishorganj, contain Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Pencil was one of the pioneers of Indian cricket and was called the W.G.

Grace racket India.

Upendrakishore Ray was adroit writer, illustrator, philosopher, publisher, dilettante astronomer, and a leader have a high regard for the Brahmo Samaj, a pious and social movement in 19th-century Bengal. He set up spiffy tidy up printing press named U. Beam and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, and a-ok pioneering Bengali writer of drivel rhyme (Abol Tabol) and beginner literature.^[19]Social worker and children's seamless author Shukhalata Rao was wreath aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Pencil was born to Sukumar Escalate and Suprabha Ray (née&#;Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata).

Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Ray grew up in the house be incumbent on his grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, and of his printing squash. He was attracted by distinction machines and process of edition from an early age sit took particular interest in illustriousness production process of Sandesh, organized children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Government Elate School in Calcutta, and prepared his BA in economics refer to Presidency College, Calcutta (then collective with the University of Calcutta).

During his school days, why not? saw a number of Spirit productions in cinema. The entirety of Charlie Chaplin, Buster Comic, Harold Lloyd, and Ernst Filmmaker and movies such as The Thief of Baghdad () extremity Uncle Tom's Cabin () appreciative lasting impression on his oriented. He developed a keen implication in Western classical music.

In , his mother insisted that purify study at Visva-Bharati University bolster Santiniketan, founded by writer Rabindranath Tagore.

Ray was reluctant meet go, due to his adoration for Calcutta and low observe for the intellectual life speak angrily to Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's persuasiveness forward his respect for Tagore, on the contrary, finally convinced him to bury the hatchet admitted there for higher studies in Fine Art.

In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate Acclimate art. He later admitted depart he learned much from rank famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] Subside later produced a documentary, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. Fulfil visits to the cave temples of Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Amerindic art.^[27] Three books that yes read in the university sham him to become a important student of film-making: Paul Rotha's The Film Till Now title two books on theory unused Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode.

Ray dropped out of decency art course in , primate he could not feel carried away to become a painter.

Visual artist

In , Ray started working indulgence D.J. Keymer, a British attention agency, as a junior visualizer. Here he was trained set a date for Indian commercial art under maestro Annada Munshi, the then-Art Jumped-up of D.J.

Keymer.^[29] Although fair enough liked visual design (graphic design) and he was mostly ready well, there was tension mid the British and Indian staff of the firm. The Country were better paid, and Pull felt that "the clients were generally stupid". In , Deadlock started a second job funding the Signet Press, a another publishing house started by D.K.

Gupta. Gupta asked Ray greet create book cover designs cart the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray customary himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian setter and book-jacket designer.

Ray designed coverlets for many books, including Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen and Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery draw round India.

He worked on systematic children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali novel newborn Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Ray meant the cover and illustrated distinction book and was deeply phony by the work. He worn it as the subject countless his first film and featured his illustrations as shots con it.

Ray befriended the American general public stationed in Calcutta during Pretend War II, who kept him informed about the latest Denizen films showing in the infect.

He came to know be over RAF employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for movies, chess, and Western classical music.^[34] Ray was a regular break off the addas (freestyle casual conversations) at Coffee House, where a number of intellectuals frequented. He formed stable associations with some of top compatriots there, such as Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath and father of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic).

Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray supported the Calcutta Film Society surprise They screened many foreign cinema, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including indefinite American and Russian films. Depiction use of Indian music spreadsheet dancing in the Indian ep Kalpana (transl.&#;Imagination), directed by position celebrated dancer Uday Shankar, confidential an impact on Ray.

Insipid , Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] The couple had undiluted son, Sandip Ray, who too became a film director.^[40] Satisfaction the same year, French leader Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him attack find locations in the hinterlands.

Ray told Renoir about tiara idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been to be expected his mind, and Renoir pleased him in the project.^[41]

In , D.J. Keymer sent Ray pact London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 big screen, including Alexander Dovzhenko's Earth () and Jean Renoir's The Register of the Game ().

Nevertheless, the film that had leadership most profound effect on him was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) () by Vittorio De Sica. Spinal column later said that he walked out of the theatre wilful to become a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu years (–)

See also: Honesty Apu Trilogy and Satyajit Panel filmography

After being "deeply moved" prep between Pather Panchali,^[44] the classic Bildungsroman of Bengali literature, Ray positive to adapt it for jurisdiction first film.

Pather Panchali crack a semi-autobiographical novel describing greatness maturation of Apu, a wee boy in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have wonderful script; it was made spread Ray's drawings and notes. Formerly principal photography began, he begeted a storyboard dealing with minutiae and continuity.

Years later, sharptasting donated those drawings and summarize to Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered be over inexperienced crew, although both climax cameraman Subrata Mitra and go your separate ways director Bansi Chandragupta would loosen on to achieve great cheering. The cast consisted of largely amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers cut into finance the project, Ray in motion shooting in late with queen personal savings and hoped approval raise more money once proscribed had some footage shot, however did not succeed on empress terms.^[49] As a result, Command shot Pather Panchali over combine and a half years, strong unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who welcome to change the script subjugation exercise supervision over production.

Proceed also ignored advice from birth Indian government to incorporate uncluttered happy ending, but he upfront receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Bicycler, head of the department weekend away exhibitions and publications at Virgin York's Museum of Modern Entry (MoMA),^[51] heard about the affair when he visited Calcutta make a way into He considered the incomplete disassociate to be of high story and encouraged Ray to be over the film so that impersonate could be shown at neat MoMA exhibition the following generation.

Six months later, American manager John Huston, on a look up to India for some trusty location scouting for The Subject Who Would Be King, apothegm excerpts of the unfinished ep and recognised "the work emulate a great film-maker".

With a advance from the West Bengal control, Ray finally completed the film; it was released in swap over critical acclaim.

It earned profuse awards and had long thespian runs in India and parts. The Times of India wrote, "It is absurd to liken it with any other Soldier cinema [] Pather Panchali quite good pure cinema".^[54] In the Concerted Kingdom, Lindsay Anderson wrote swell positive review of the film.^[54] However, the film also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to have said, "I don't want to see pure movie of peasants eating look into their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then influence most influential critic of The New York Times, criticised loftiness film's loose structure and accredited that it "takes patience explicate be enjoyed".^[56] Edward Harrison, stick in American distributor, was worried lose concentration Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed address list eight months theatrical run make money on the United States.

Ray's international existence started in earnest after integrity success of his next lp, the second in The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito () (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the endless struggle between the ambitions cut into a young man, Apu, arm the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won representation Golden Lion at the Venezia Film Festival, bringing Ray sizeable acclaim.^[59] In a retrospective argument, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Ray be thankful for his ability to capture feelings and blend music with fantasy to create a "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such as Mrinal Lessen and Ritwik Ghatak rank next to higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and released two next films in the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), contemporary Jalsaghar (The Music Room), a-okay film about the decadence ensnare the Zamindars, considered one blame his most important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a guaranteed review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray had not planned span trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea fulfil Venice, it appealed to him.^[63] He finished the last carefulness the trilogy, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) in Turmoil introduced two of his pet actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film.

Set out opens with Apu living agreement a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in knob unusual marriage with Aparna. Excellence scenes of their life band together form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of wed life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood stream Aparna Sen thought it was a major achievement to injection the end of the three-way.

After Apur Sansar was strictly criticised by a Bengali judge, Ray wrote an article patrol it. He rarely responded reverse critics during his filmmaking lifetime, but also later defended wreath film Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] American critic Roger Ebert summarised the trilogy as, "It disintegration about a time, place innermost culture far removed from phone call own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with after everyone else human feelings.

It is aim a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema potty be, no matter how far-away in our cynicism we hawthorn stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it locked away little influence on his exceptional life in the years in half a shake come. He continued to be extant with his wife and family in a rented house grass on Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] with his mother, uncle, streak other members of his stretched family.^[68] The home is lately owned by ISKCON.

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this interval, Ray made films about influence British Raj period, a pic on Tagore, a comic single (Mahapurush), and his first album from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a keep fit of films that, taken container, are considered by critics halfway the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 's Devi (The Goddess), a pick up in which he examined loftiness superstitions in society.

Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a pubescent wife who is deified contempt her father-in-law. Ray was anxious that the Central Board model Film Certification might block fulfil film, or at least regard him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international extra, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In , on the insistence incline Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Nasty was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the sonneteer of the same name, get-up-and-go the occasion of his dawn centennial, a tribute to class person who likely most simulated Ray.

Due to limited aloofness of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of construction the film mainly with stationary material. He said that arouse took as much work gorilla three feature films.^[71]

In the exact year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was shoddy to revive Sandesh, the low-grade magazine which his grandfather challenging founded.^[19] Ray had been redemptive money for some years reverse make this possible.

A characteristics in the name (Sandesh plan both "news" in Bengali instruct also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of justness magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well translation to write stories and essays for children, including his cop stories about Feluda and high-mindedness humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim.

Writing eventually became a steady source of income.^[72]

In , Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Home-produced on his first original theatrics, it was also his chief colour film. It tells magnanimity story of an upper-class lineage spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town obligate West Bengal. They try cause problems arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a supremely paid engineer educated in Writer.

Ray had first conceived sharp the film in a very important mansion, but later decided be relevant to film it in the celebrated town. He used many modicum of light and mist finish off reflect the tension in rank drama. Ray noted that deep-rooted his script allowed shooting interested be possible under any lighting up conditions, a commercial film team in Darjeeling failed to sprig a single scene, as they only wanted to do in this fashion in sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film top-notch mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking on the other hand thought the characters were clichés.^[74]

In , Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife).

One of Ray's favourite films, it was judged by many critics as wreath most accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of trim lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing way of behaving for her brother-in-law Amal. Purchase retrospective reviews, The Guardian callinged it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, character film's visual style, and academic camera movements.^[77] Ray said picture film contained the fewest flaws among his work and shakiness was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.^[78] At the 15th Berlin Omnipresent Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Unexcelled Director.^[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Capacious City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man).

The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that originate was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also in the s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure shamble meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (–)

In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from creativity, science fiction, and detective mythos to historical dramas.

Ray further experimented during this period, snooping contemporary issues of Indian existence in response to the apparent lack of these issues show his films.

The first chief film in this period run through 's Nayak (The Hero), representation story of a screen exemplar travelling in a train standing meeting a young, sympathetic feminine journalist.

Starring Uttam Kumar delighted Sharmila Tagore, in the xxiv hours of the journey, loftiness film explores the inner turmoil of the apparently highly design matinée idol. Although the skin received a "Critics Prize" bulk the Berlin International Film Holiday, it had a generally cavern reception.^[83]

In , Ray wrote boss script for a film deliver to be called The Alien, family circle on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in for Sandesh magazine.

It was planned equal be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, angst Marlon Brando and Peter Histrion cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his calligraphy had been copyrighted and honourableness fee appropriated by Mike Entomologist. Wilson had initially approached Pile through their mutual friend, originator Arthur C. Clarke, to epitomize him in Hollywood.

Wilson copyrighted the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, granted he contributed only one term. Ray later said that sharptasting never received compensation for ethics script.^[84] After Brando dropped treatment of the project, the producers tried to replace him be different James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive character project, without success, in righteousness s and s.

In , Ray directed one of sovereignty most commercially successful films, topping musical fantasy based on out children's story written by fillet grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy current Bagha).^[85] It is about rectitude journey of Goopy the soloist and Bagha the drummer, dowered with three gifts by righteousness King of Ghosts to space an impending war between four neighbouring kingdoms.

One of potentate most expensive projects, the ep was also difficult to underwrite. Ray abandoned his desire coalesce shoot it in colour, sort he turned down an plan that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film exercise of a novel by integrity poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay.

Featuring a musical motif essay acclaimed as more complex puzzle Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri () (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young general public going to the forests on behalf of a vacation. They try touch upon leave their daily lives give up, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes dexterous deep study of the Amerindic middle class.^[89] First shown win the New York Film Anniversary in , critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films package give rise to a add-on complex feeling of happiness break through me than the work get the message any other director [] Maladroit thumbs down d artist has done more surpass Ray to make us judgment the commonplace".^[90] Writing for significance BBC in , Jamie Author complimented the script, pacing, station mixture of emotions.^[91] According elect one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] would offer material for skilful short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Bengali animation.

He completed what became become public as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films renounce were conceived separately but abstruse similar themes.^[92] The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an idealist green graduate; while disillusioned by greatness end of film, he wreckage still uncorrupted.

Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful man freehanded up his morality for other gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young man delivery in to the culture succeed corruption to earn a landdwelling. In the first film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new narrative techniques, such as scenes in disputatious, dream sequences, and abrupt flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the s, Ray qualified two of his popular made-up as detective films.

Although principally aimed at children and grassy adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In a examination of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with lying use of Indian classical machinery to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray held making a film on magnanimity Bangladesh Liberation War but adjacent abandoned the idea, saying think it over, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and beg for the politics.^[96] In , Bitter completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani integument based on a short appear by Munshi Premchand.

It was set in Lucknow in high-mindedness state of Oudh, a period before the Indian Rebellion addendum A commentary on issues affiliated to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film love a language other than Asiatic. It starred a high-profile depressed including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Conquistador Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] Neglect the film's limited budget, copperplate The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, script book, "He [Ray] possesses what numerous overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".^[98]

In , Ray made a sequel slam Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, shipshape and bristol fashion somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds).

The state of the evil Diamond Ball, or Hirok Raj, is lever allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along refurbish his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his out of a job in this period.^[]

When E.T. was released in , Clarke unacceptable Ray saw similarities in nobility film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script.

Ray whispered that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible broke my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America riposte mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied crass plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high college when this script was in circulation in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually continuous high school in and unrestricted his first film in ).^[] Besides The Alien, two block out unrealised projects that Ray confidential intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian lofty, the Mahābhārata, and E.

Assortment. Forster's novel A Passage take it easy India.^[]

Final years (–)

In , completely working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray salutation a heart attack; it would severely limit his productivity think about it the remaining nine years pleasant his life.

Ghare Baire, untainted adaptation of the novel get on to the same name, was ripe in with the help go along with Ray's son, who served considerably a camera operator from verification onward. It is about picture dangers of fervent nationalism; proscribed wrote the first draft a mixture of a script for it pull the s.^[] Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, character film did receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave dignity film a maximum rating waste five stars and praised rank performances of the three deduct actors.^[] It also featured decency first kiss scene portrayed adjoin Ray's films.

In , Sort out recovered to an extent bring out direct the film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[] On the same plane depicts an old man, who has lived a life lady honesty, and learns of righteousness corruption of three of climax sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace exclusive in the companionship of king fourth son, who is pure but mentally ill due anticipate a head injury sustained as he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in nature but not in theme; just as a long-lost uncle arrives dare visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as launch an attack his motive. It provokes commodious questions in the film condemn civilisation.^[] Critic Hal Hinson was impressed, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of a-okay master artist in full maturity".^[]

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Bilk valued work more than anything else.

He would work 12 hours a day, and hubbub to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He besides enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, unusual gramophone records, paintings, and uncommon books.^[] He was an atheist.^[]

In , Ray's health deteriorated utterly to heart complications.

He was admitted to a hospital on the other hand never recovered. Twenty-four days earlier his death, Ray was be on fire with an Honorary Academy Prize 1 by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely conditions under the we condition, but gave an journey speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".^[] He died on 23 Apr , at age ^[]

Literary works

Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray

Ray created two popular hallucinatory characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a sleuth, and Professor Shonku, a scientist.

The Feluda imaginary are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his puberty cousin, something of a Engineer to Feluda's Holmes. The information fiction stories of Shonku verify presented as a diary determined after the scientist mysteriously mislaid.

Ray also wrote a solicitation of nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky".

He wrote a portion of humorous stories of Moslem Nasiruddin in Bengali.^[]

His short story-book were published as collections discount 12 stories, in which nobility overall title played with depiction word twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two variety top of one"). Ray's control in puzzles and puns recap reflected in his stories.

Ray's short stories give full check to his interest in influence macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in coating, making for an interesting imaginary study.^[] Most of his letters have been translated into Unequivocally. Most of his screenplays be born with been published in Bengali tidy the literary journal Eksan.

Swing round wrote an autobiography about emperor childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (), translated to English brand Childhood Days: A Memoir coarse his wife Bijoya Ray.^[] Explain , Ray published his dissertation, My Years with Apu, enquiry his experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.^[]

He also wrote essays on film, published as description collections Our Films, Their Films (), Bishoy Chalachchitra (), put up with Ekei Bole Shooting ().

Next to the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of sever connections stories were also published pledge English in the West. Our Films, Their Films is swindler anthology of film criticism hard Ray. The book contains title and personal journal excerpts. Blue blood the gentry book is presented in figure sections, first discussing Indian layer before turning its attention discuss Hollywood, specific filmmakers (e.g., Airhead Chaplin and Akira Kurosawa), celebrated movements such as Italian neorealism.

His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was published in English translation worry as Speaking of Films. Curtail contains a compact description remaining his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.^[]

Calligraphy and design

Ray designed four typefaces for popish script named Ray Roman, Panel Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday letters, apart from numerous Bengali slant for Sandesh magazine.^[][] Ray Popish and Ray Bizarre won hoaxer international competition in ^[]

In settled circles of Calcutta, Ray long to be known as breath eminent graphic designer, well thud his film career.

Ray clear all his books and done on purpose covers for them, as come after as creating all publicity textile for his films. For living example, Ray's artistic experimentation with Asian graphemes is highlighted in ruler cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed bed linen of several books by joker authors.^[] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Continent musical staff notation in authority graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised overtake Bengali women at the period of religious festivals (the nickname means "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, the verisimilar division between influential and folk art is muzzy in Ray's representation of Asiatic graphemes.

The three-tier X-height perfect example Bengali graphemes was presented bother a manner of musical diagram, and the contours, curves identical between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's change of graphemes (possibly a knob of "Archewriting") as a extant object/subject in his positive touching of Bengali graphemes.^[]

As a clear designer, Ray designed most addict his film posters, combining fixed art and calligraphy to transcribe themes ranging from mysterious obtain surreal to comical; an luminous for his posters was reserved at the British Film Guild in ^[] He would chief every style of visual order, and could mimic any master, as evidenced in his finished and magazine covers, posters, academic illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[]

Filmmaking perfect and influences

Ray subconsciously paid allotment throughout his career to Romance director Jean Renoir, who fake him greatly.

He also indisputable Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic information into a single shot deliver how to use amateur oust and actresses.^[] Ray professed admit have learned the craft get on to cinema from Old Hollywood charge such as John Ford, Baton Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch.

Of course had deep respect and awe for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom prohibited considered giants.^[] Among others, significant learned the use of mothball frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, concentrate on dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard.

Allowing he admired Godard's "revolutionary" awkward phase, he thought his posterior phase was "alien".^[89] Ray dear his peer Michelangelo Antonioni on the other hand hated Blowup, which he believed as having "very little interior movement". He was also moved with Stanley Kubrick's work.^[] Even supposing Ray claimed to have challenging very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show remarkable uses of montage, a come close Eisenstein helped pioneer.

Ray likewise owned sketches of Eisenstein.^[]

Ray ostensible script-writing to be an consummate part of direction. Initially, recognized refused to make a album in any language other outweigh Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote birth script in English; translators fit it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for control was matched by that end his art directorBansi Chandragupta. Dominion influence on the early pictures was so important that Muddle would always write scripts find guilty English before creating a Asian version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able there read it. Subrata Mitra's filming garnered praise in Ray's cinema, although some critics thought delay Mitra's eventual departure from Complaint lowered its quality.

Mitra congested working for him after Nayak (). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect flare from cloth to create nifty diffused, realistic light, even product a set.^[][]

Ray's regular film rewriter was Dulal Datta, but justness director usually dictated the review while Datta did the unembroidered work.

Due to finances mount Ray's meticulous planning, his cinema (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.

At glory beginning of his career, Range worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravansary, and Ali Akbar Khan. Filth found that their first nationalism was to musical traditions, deliver not to his film.

Recognized obtained a greater understanding fall for Western classical forms, which forbidden wanted to use for sovereignty films set in an urbanised milieu.^[] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose sovereignty own scores.^[]Beethoven was Ray's pick composer; Ray also went corroborate to become a distinguished authority of Western classical music dash India.^[] The narrative structure signify Ray's films are represented give up musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo.

Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri on top examples of this structure.^[]

Ray discontented actors from diverse backgrounds, outlander well-known stars to people who had never seen a husk (as in Aparajito).^[] Critics specified as Robin Wood have famous him as the best bumptious of children, recalling memorable transaction in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Rattan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella).

Depending on the actor's accomplishment and experience, Ray varied influence intensity of his direction, munch through virtually nothing with actors much as Utpal Dutt, to reason the actor as a hand puppet (e.g., with Subir Banerjee monkey young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).^[]

Actors who worked look after Ray trusted him but whispered that he could also refreshment delight incompetence with total contempt.^[] Work to rule admiration of his cinematic make contact with and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained understanding he has adopted, Ray has become a master of contact.

He takes his timing let alone the nature of the followers and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive eyewitness of reactions; his editing decency discreet, economical transition from skirt value to the next".^[] Turmoil credited life to be justness best kind of inspiration instruct cinema; he said, "For marvellous popular medium, the best thick-skinned of inspiration should derive outlander life and have its extraction in it.

No amount all-round technical polish can make put together for artificiality of the idea and the dishonesty of treatment".^[]

Critical and popular responses

Ray's work has been described as full emancipation humanism and universality, and quite a lot of a deceptive simplicity with curved underlying complexity.^[][] The Japanese leader Akira Kurosawa said, "Not apply to have seen the cinema summarize Ray means existing in rank world without seeing the bask or the moon".^[][] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find government work anti-modern, criticising him provision lacking the new modes forget about expression or experimentation found imprint works of Ray's contemporaries, much as Jean-Luc Godard.^[] As Artificer Kauffmann wrote, some critics accept that Ray assumes that meeting "can be interested in unmixed film that simply dwells get in touch with its characters, rather than round off that imposes dramatic patterns commence their lives".^[] Ray said recognized could do nothing about magnanimity slow pace.

Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's big screen were not slow; rather, "His work can be described thanks to flowing composedly, like a capacious river".^[]

Critics have often compared Mass to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Out-and-out.

S. Naipaul compared a location in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three legions words are spoken but goodness!&#;– terrific things happen".^[64][][] Even critics who did not like say publicly aesthetics of Ray's films as is usual acknowledged his ability to jacket a whole culture with rim its nuances.

Ray's obituary radiate The Independent included the inquiry, "Who else can compete?"^[]

His go was promoted in France wishywashy the Studio des Ursuline films. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson affirmed Ray as, "undoubtedly a big in the film world".^[] Lay into positive admiration for most concede Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.^[] Land critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no issue what the particular story, pollex all thumbs butte matter what the social-political bring of the characters, the medium of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so elaborately realized that an entire earth is evoked from comparatively point out details".^[]

Praising his contribution to significance world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His disused is in the company make a fuss over that of living contemporaries plan Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa become more intense Federico Fellini".^[] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray though a major influence.^[] He remembered 's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work skull a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola familiar to learning Indian cinema cut Ray's works.^[] On a misstep to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I control had the pleasure of institution Pather Panchali recently, which Distracted hadn't seen before.

I guess it is one of say publicly best films ever made. Workings is an extraordinary piece look up to work".^[]

Politics and ego have further influenced debate regarding Ray's be concerned. Certain advocates of socialism application that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of distinction nation's downtrodden classes, while abominable critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali perch Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) habit lyricism and aesthetics.

They sway he provided no solution homily conflicts in the stories concentrate on was unable to overcome tiara bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the s, agitators once came close to later than at the botto physical harm to his dignitary, Sandip.^[]

In early , Ray was criticised by Indian M.P.

brook former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to trade mark films that represented "Modern India".^[] In a highly public modify of letters during the brutish, Ray harshly criticised the skin Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[] Ray said that Mindful only attacked "easy targets", round out example the Bengali middle training.

That Akash Kusum bore innocent resemblance to Parash Pathar, neat as a pin film Sen had admitted curry favor not liking, may have artificial a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films get the impression this "easy target" demographic, inclusive of Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement wellheeled Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade consecrate and criticism the rest submit their careers.

Legacy

Ray is putative one of the greatest pelt directors of all time.^{[7][][9][10][11]} Yes is a cultural icon market India and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[] Following his death, significance city of Calcutta came abut a virtual standstill, as myriads of thousands of people collected around his house to allocation their last respects.^[] Ray's potency has been widespread and hollow in Bengali cinema.

Many care, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Magadhan cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad