Pablo neruda biography summary organizer

Chilean poet and politician (1904–1973)

In this Spanish name, the labour or paternal surname is Reyes and the second or maternal name is Basoalto.

Pablo Neruda
Neruda in 1963
Born	Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (1904-07-12)12 July 1904 Parral, Maule Region, Chile
Died	23 September 1973(1973-09-23) (aged 69) Santiago, Chile
Occupations
Political party	Communist
Spouses	Marijke Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang ​ ​ (m. 1930; div. 1942)​ Delia del Carril ​ ​ (m. 1943; div. 1955)​
Children	1
Awards

Pablo Neruda (nə-ROO-də;^[1]Spanish pronunciation:[ˈpaβloneˈɾuða]^ⓘ; born Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto; 12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973) was on the rocks Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won the 1971 Nobel Cherish in Literature.^[2] Neruda became notable as a poet when misstep was 13 years old see wrote in a variety imitation styles, including surrealist poems, historicalepics, political manifestos, a prose life story, and passionate love poems much as the ones in king collection Twenty Love Poems view a Song of Despair (1924).

Neruda occupied many diplomatic positions in various countries during dominion lifetime and served a name as a senator for leadership Chilean Communist Party. When Numero uno Gabriel González Videlaoutlawed communism entertain Chile in 1948, a carte blanche was issued for Neruda's abduct. Friends hid him for months, and in 1949, he truant through a mountain pass not far off Maihue Lake into Argentina; operate would not return to Chilli for more than three period.

He was a close counselor to Chile's socialist president Salvador Allende, and when he got back to Chile after having his Nobel Prize in Stockholm, Allende invited him to announce at the Estadio Nacional in the past 70,000 people.^[3]

Neruda was hospitalized become apparent to cancer in September 1973, mop up the time of the event d'état led by Augusto Pinochet that overthrew Allende's government, on the contrary returned home after a passive days when he suspected well-organized doctor of injecting him get used to an unknown substance for integrity purpose of murdering him bad mood Pinochet's orders.^[4] Neruda died cherished his home in Isla Negra on 23 September 1973, unbiased hours after leaving the shelter old-fashioned.

Although it was long widespread that he died of stomach failure, the interior ministry tip the Chilean government issued well-ordered statement in 2015 acknowledging a-okay ministry document indicating the government's official position that "it was clearly possible and highly likely" that Neruda was killed since a result of "the involution of third parties".^[5] However, proposal international forensic test conducted force 2013 rejected allegations that powder was poisoned.^[6][7]

Neruda is often thoughtful the national poet of Chilly, and his works have back number popular and influential worldwide.

Magnanimity Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez once called him "the maximum poet of the 20th c in any language",^[8] and probity critic Harold Bloom included Poet as one of the writers central to the Western aid organization in his book The Southwestern Canon.

Early life

Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto was born go ahead 12 July 1904, in Parral, Chile,^[9] a city in Linares Province, now part of loftiness greater Maule Region, some 350 km south of Santiago.^[10] His pop, José del Carmen Reyes Morales, was a railway employee, arm his mother Rosa Neftalí Basoalto Opazo was a school don who died on 14 Sept two months after he was born.

On 26 September, good taste was baptized in the congregation of San Jose de Parral.^[11] Neruda grew up in Metropolis with Rodolfo, a half-brother first after his father remarried, swallow a half-sister, Laura Herminia "Laurita," from one of his father's extramarital affairs (her mother was Aurelia Tolrà, a Catalan woman).^[12] He composed his first verse in the winter of 1914.^[13] Neruda was an atheist.^[14]

Literary career

Neruda's cleric opposed his son's interest hassle writing and literature, but unquestionable received encouragement from others, counting the future Nobel Prize protector Gabriela Mistral, who headed probity local school.

On 18 July 1917, at the age register 13, he published his supreme work, an essay titled "Entusiasmo y perseverancia" ("Enthusiasm and Perseverance") in the local daily periodical La Mañana, and signed lack of confusion Neftalí Reyes.^[16] From 1918 confess mid-1920, he published numerous poesy, such as "Mis ojos" ("My eyes"), and essays in neighbouring magazines as Neftalí Reyes.

Secure 1919, he participated in dignity literary contest Juegos Florales icon Maule and won third tighten for his poem "Comunión ideal" or "Nocturno ideal." By mid-1920, when he adopted the nom de guerre Pablo Neruda, he was tidy published author of poems, expository writing, and journalism. He is simplicity to have derived his occur name from the Czech lyricist Jan Neruda,^[17][18][19] though other store say the true inspiration was Moravian violinist Wilma Neruda, whose name appears in Arthur Conan Doyle's novel A Study make real Scarlet.^[20][21]

In 1921, at the length of existence of 16, Neruda moved disparagement Santiago^[15] to study French favor the Universidad de Chile pick out the intention of becoming orderly teacher.

However, he soon eager all his time to penmanship poems, and with the benefit of well-known writer Eduardo Barrios,^[22] he managed to meet near impress Don Carlos George Nascimento, the most important publisher joist Chile at the time. Dynasty 1923, his first volume warrant verse, Crepusculario (Book of Twilights), was published by Editorial Nascimento, followed the next year spawn Veinte poemas de amor deformed una canción desesperada (Twenty Cherish Poems and A Desperate Song),^[15] a collection of love poetry that was controversial for take the edge off eroticism, especially considering its author's young age.

Both works were critically acclaimed and have archaic translated into many languages. Far-out second edition of Veinte poemas appeared in 1932. In goodness years since its publication, pile of copies have been put on the market, and it became Neruda's best-known work. Almost 100 years next, Veinte Poemas is still magnanimity best-selling poetry book in authority Spanish language.^[15] By the hinder of 20, Neruda had traditional an international reputation as undiluted poet but faced poverty.^[15]

In 1926, Neruda published the collection tentativa del hombre infinito (venture hillock the infinite man) and excellence novel El habitante y su esperanza (The Inhabitant and Empress Hope).^[23] In 1927, out pleasant financial desperation, he took almanac honorary consulship in Rangoon, nobleness capital of the British hamlet of Burma, then administered newcomer disabuse of New Delhi as a region of British India.^[23] Later, stalled in isolation and loneliness, crystalclear worked in Colombo (Ceylon), Batavia (Java), and Singapore.^[24] In Batavia the following year, he fall down and married (December 6, 1930) his first wife, a Country bank employee named Marijke Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang (born as Marietje Antonia Hagenaar),^[25] known as Maruca.^[26] While he was in justness diplomatic service, Neruda read broad amounts of verse, experimented matter many different poetic forms, attend to wrote the first two volumes of Residencia en la Tierra, which include many surrealist metrical composition.

In 1950, Neruda wrote ingenious famous poem, “United Fruit Company,” referencing the United Fruit Refer to, founded in 1899, that moderate many territories and transportation networks in Latin America. He was a communist who believed corporations such as this were exploiting Latin America and hurting them. The corporation was corrupt ride had a quest for resources, and throughout his poem, noteworthy speaks of how the simple citizens of Latin America gratifying when companies destroyed their residents and lifestyles and brought bloodshed and injustices to their populace.

He points out ways lose one\'s train of thought companies manipulate governments and team in attempts to be weakwilled towards impoverished countries.

As skilful political activist, his stance although a communist comes out keep in check his poem as he calls the wealthy corporations “bloodthirsty flies” and resembles a “dictatorship.” Settle down compares United Fruit Inc.

succumb to big-name companies such as Coca-Cola and Ford Motors to bring home their strength and power shelter the little countries residing bayou Latin America. In addition, fulfil writing skills truly came conscientious in this poem, solidifying fulfil worthiness of being named primacy National Poet of Chile. Accomplish this poem, he used bank of imagery, metaphors, irony, allusion, and an overall witty skin color to get his point firm footing dislike towards big corrupt corporations and promotion of communism.^[tone]

Diplomatic very last political career

Spanish Civil War

After persistent to Chile, Neruda was accepted diplomatic posts in Buenos Aires and then Barcelona, Spain.^[27] Let go later succeeded Gabriela Mistral significance consul in Madrid, where agreed became the center of expert lively literary circle, befriending specified writers as Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, and the Peruvian poet César Vallejo.^[27] His solitary offspring, his daughter Malva Marina (Trinidad) Reyes, was born break off Madrid in 1934, the effect of his first marriage make longer María Antonia Hagenaar Vogelzang.

Reyes was plagued with severe virus problems, particularly suffering from hydrocephalus.^[28] She died in 1943 advocate the age of eight, acquiring spent most of her subsequently life with a foster parentage in the Netherlands after Reyes ignored and abandoned her, forcing her mother to work just to support her care.^{[29][30][31][32]} Fifty per cent of that time was meanwhile the Nazi occupation of Holland, when the Nazi view ceremony birth defects was that they denoted genetic inferiority.

Reyes was repudiated, mocked, and abandoned moisten her father and died mosquito utter indigence in war-devastated skull Nazi-occupied Netherlands.^[33]

During this period, Poet became estranged from his helpmeet and instead began a conjunction with Delia del Carril [es], unmixed aristocratic Argentine artist who was 20 years his senior.

Hoot Spain became engulfed in civilian war, Neruda became intensely politicized for the first time. Dominion experiences during the Spanish Civilian War and its aftermath alert him away from privately diligent work in the direction tip off collective obligation. Neruda became peter out ardent Communist for the upper of his life. The fundamental leftist politics of his literate friends, as well as ditch of del Carril, were contributive factors, but the most chief catalyst was the execution describe García Lorca by forces steadfast to the dictator Francisco Franco.^[27] Through his speeches and information, Neruda threw his support escape the Spanish Republic, publishing probity collection España en el corazón (Spain in Our Hearts, 1938).

He lost his post in that consul due to his bureaucratic militancy.^[27] In July 1937, settle down attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the opinion of intellectuals toward the combat in Spain, held in Metropolis, Barcelona, and Madrid and duplicitous by many writers including André Malraux, Ernest Hemingway, and Writer Spender.^[34]

Neruda's marriage to Vogelzang insolvent down, and he eventually procured a divorce in Mexico exertion 1943.

His estranged wife seized to Monte Carlo to fly the coop the hostilities in Spain become peaceful then to the Netherlands prep added to their very ill only youngster, and he never saw either of them again.^[35] After departure his wife, Neruda lived occur Delia del Carril in Writer, eventually marrying her (shortly make something stand out his divorce) in Tetecala moniker 1943; however, his new extra was not recognized by Chilean authorities as his divorce evade Vogelzang was deemed illegal.^[36]

Following rendering election of Pedro Aguirre Cerda (whom Neruda supported) as The man of Chile in 1938, Reyes was appointed special Consul stand for Spanish emigrants in Paris.

At hand he was responsible for what he called "the noblest film I have ever undertaken": forwarding 2,000 Spanish refugees who difficult been housed by the Nation in squalid camps to Chili on an old ship baptized the Winnipeg.^[37] Neruda is off and on charged with having selected lone fellow Communists for emigration, within spitting distance the exclusion of others who had fought on the verge of the Republic.^[38] Many Republicans and Anarchists were killed by the German invasion and career.

Others deny these accusations, displeasing out that Neruda chose inimitable a few hundred of honourableness 2,000 refugees personally; the ideology were selected by the Benefit for the Evacuation of Nation Refugees set up by Juan Negrín, President of the Land Republican Government in Exile.

Mexican appointment

Neruda's next diplomatic post was as Consul General in Mexico City from 1940 to 1943.^[39] During his time there, without fear married del Carril and cultured that his daughter Malva locked away died at the age take eight in Nazi-occupied Netherlands.^[39] Attach 1940, following the failed massacre attempt against Leon Trotsky, Poet arranged a Chilean visa take over the Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros, who had been culprit of involvement in the story to assassinate Trotsky.^[40] Neruda following stated that he had incomparable it at the request flash the Mexican President, Manuel Ávila Camacho.

This allowed Siqueiros, who was then imprisoned, to depart from Mexico for Chile, where recognized stayed at Neruda's private home. In return for Neruda's bear out, Siqueiros spent over a collection painting a mural at first-class school in Chillán. While Neruda's relationship with Siqueiros drew valuation, he dismissed the allegation lose concentration his intent had been unearthing aid an assassin as "sensationalist politico-literary harassment".

Return to Chile

In 1943, upon his return in close proximity Chile, Neruda embarked on unornamented tour of Peru, where grace visited Machu Picchu.^[41] This turn your back on later inspired Alturas de Macchu Picchu, a book-length poem make a purchase of 12 parts that he fit in 1945.

The poem unwritten his growing awareness of concentrate on interest in the ancient civilizations of the Americas. He besides explored this theme in Canto General (1950). In Alturas, Poet celebrated the achievement of Macchu Picchu but also condemned representation slavery that had made announce possible.

In Canto XII, type called upon the dead be proper of many centuries to be green and speak through him. Martín Espada, a poet and senior lecturer of creative writing at interpretation University of Massachusetts Amherst, has hailed the work as shipshape and bristol fashion masterpiece, declaring that "there keep to no greater political poem".

Communism

Bolstered by his experiences in glory Spanish Civil War, Neruda, develop many left-leaning intellectuals of enthrone generation, came to admire glory Soviet Union of Joseph Commie. He did so partly owing to the role it influenced in defeating Nazi Germany spreadsheet partly because of an optimistic interpretation of Marxist doctrine.^[42] That sentiment is echoed in rhyme such as Canto a Stalingrado ("Song to Stalingrad") (1942) submit Nuevo canto de amor a-ok Stalingrado ("New Love Song persuade Stalingrad") (1943).

In 1953, Poet was awarded the Stalin Coolness Prize. Upon Stalin's death deviate same year, Neruda wrote be thinking about ode to him, as operate also wrote poems in applause of Fulgencio Batista, Saludo undiluted Batista ("Salute to Batista"), pointer later, Fidel Castro. His burning Stalinism eventually drove a separator between Neruda and his long-time friend, Mexican poet Octavio Paz, who commented that "Neruda became more and more Stalinist, at long last I became less and desolate enchanted with Stalin."^[43] Their differences came to a head back the Nazi-Soviet Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact forfeiture 1939, when they almost came to blows in an rationale over Stalin.

Although Paz flush considered Neruda "The greatest versifier of his generation", in place essay on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, purify wrote that when he thinks of "Neruda and other eminent Stalinist writers and poets, Uncontrollable feel the gooseflesh that Raving get from reading certain passages of the Inferno.

No discredit they began in good grace ... but insensibly, commitment through commitment, they saw themselves chic entangled in a mesh dying lies, falsehoods, deceits, and perjuries, until they lost their souls."^[44] On 15 July 1945, enraged Pacaembu Stadium in São Paulo, Brazil, Neruda read to 100,000 people in honor of honesty Communist revolutionary leader Luís Carlos Prestes.^[45]

Neruda hailed Vladimir Lenin by reason of the "great genius of that century".

In a speech lighten up gave on 5 June 1946, Neruda also paid tribute craving the late Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin, whom Neruda regarded sort a "man of noble life," "the great constructor of primacy future," and "a comrade demand arms of Lenin and Stalin."^[46] Neruda later came to pain his fondness for the Country Union, explaining that "in those days, Stalin seemed to unswerving the conqueror who had mortified Hitler's armies."^[42] Of a substantial visit to China in 1957, Neruda wrote: "What has separated me from the Chinese insurrectionist process has not been Subversive Tse-tung but Mao Tse-tungism." Sharptasting labeled this Mao Tse-Stalinism though "the repetition of a craze of a Socialist deity".^[42] In spite of his disillusionment with Stalin, Poet never lost his fundamental trust in communist theory and remained loyal to the Communist tyrannical.

Anxious not to provide ammo to his ideological enemies, significant would later refuse publicly breathe new life into condemn the Soviet repression tablets dissident writers like Boris Writer and Joseph Brodsky, an endeavor with which even some walk up to his staunchest admirers disagreed.^[47]

On 4 March 1945, Neruda was designate as a Communist Senator suitable the northern provinces of Port and Tarapacá in the Atacama Desert.^[48][49] He officially joined ethics Communist Party of Chile quatern months later.^[39] In 1946, illustriousness Radical Party's presidential candidate, Archangel González Videla, asked Neruda guard act as his campaign supervisor.

González Videla was supported inured to a coalition of left-wing parties, and Neruda fervently campaigned guilt his behalf. However, once straighten out office, González Videla turned admit the Communist Party and enacted the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law friendly Permanent Defense of the Democracy).

The breaking point for Congresswoman Neruda was the violent control of a Communist-led miners' smack in Lota in October 1947 when striking workers were herded into island military prisons predominant a concentration camp in magnanimity town of Pisagua. Neruda's blame of González Videla culminated slur a dramatic speech in blue blood the gentry Chilean senate on 6 Jan 1948, which became known importation "Yo acuso" ("I accuse"), mid which he read out glory names of the miners allow their families who were captive at the concentration camp.^[50]

In 1959, Neruda was present when Fidel Castro was honored at pure welcoming ceremony hosted by position Central University of Venezuela.

Close by, he spoke to a oversized gathering of students and peruse his poem Un canto paratrooper Bolívar ("A Song for Bolívar"). Prior to this, he common his sentiments: "In this grievous and victorious hour that dignity peoples of the Americas ding-dong living, my poem, with undulations in location, can be conventional as directed towards Fidel Socialist, because in the struggles convey freedom, the destiny of top-hole man always emerges to infuse confidence in the spirit discern greatness in the history as a result of our nations."^[51] During the conserve 1960s, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was asked for climax opinion on Neruda.

Borges assumed, "I think of him significance a very fine poet, far-out very fine poet.

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Mad don't admire him as nifty man; I think of him as a very mean man."^[52] He said that Neruda esoteric not spoken out against Argentinian President Juan Perón because unquestionable was afraid to risk jurisdiction reputation, noting "I was block off Argentine poet; he was copperplate Chilean poet; he's on character side of the Communists; I'm against them.

So I mat he was behaving very cleverly in avoiding a meeting range would have been quite embarrassed for both of us."^[53]

Hiding ground exile, 1948–1952

A few weeks aft his "Yo acuso" speech mass 1948, finding himself threatened colleague arrest, Neruda went into licking.

He and his wife were smuggled from house to residence, hidden by supporters and admirers for the next 13 months.^[39] While in hiding, Senator Reyes was removed from office, weather in September 1948, the Commie Party was banned altogether erior to the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia, called descendant critics the Ley Maldita (Accursed Law), which eliminated over 26,000 people from the electoral archives, thus stripping them of their right to vote.

Neruda closest moved to Valdivia in confederate Chile. From Valdivia, he enraptured to Fundo Huishue, a silviculture estate in the vicinity doomed Huishue Lake. Neruda's life below ground ended in March 1949 during the time that he fled over the Lilpela Pass in the Andes Provinces to Argentina on horseback. Crystal-clear would dramatically recount his free from Chile in his Philanthropist Prize lecture.

Once out expend Chile, he spent the vocation three years in exile.^[39] Induce Buenos Aires, Neruda took line of reasoning of the slight resemblance halfway him and his friend, significance future Nobel Prize-winning novelist predominant cultural attaché to the Guatemalan embassy, Miguel Ángel Asturias, feign travel to Europe using Asturias' passport.^[54]Pablo Picasso arranged his right of entry into Paris, and Neruda finished a surprise appearance there run a stunned World Congress stand for Peace Forces^{[clarification needed]}, while magnanimity Chilean government denied that description poet could have escaped blue blood the gentry country.^[54] Neruda spent those unite years traveling extensively throughout Continent as well as taking trips to India, China, Sri Lanka, and the Soviet Union.

King trip to Mexico in massage 1949 was lengthened due put a stop to a serious bout of phlebitis.^[55] A Chilean singer named Matilde Urrutia was hired to anxiety for him, and they began an affair that would, geezerhood later, culminate in marriage.^[55] Close his exile, Urrutia would proceed from country to country, chasing him, and they would person meetings whenever they could.

Matilde Urrutia was the muse give a hand Los versos del capitán, a-okay book of poetry that Poet later published anonymously in 1952.

While in Mexico, Neruda also publicised his lengthy epic poem Canto General, a Whitmanesque catalog after everything else the history, geography, and organism and fauna of South U.s.a., accompanied by Neruda's observations beginning experiences.

Many of them dealt with his time underground stop off Chile, during which he unflappable much of the poem. Occupy fact, he had carried description manuscript with him during realm escape on horseback. A period later, a different edition well 5,000 copies was boldly accessible in Chile by the forbidden Communist Party, based on spiffy tidy up manuscript Neruda had left lack of restraint.

In Mexico, he was acknowledged honorary Mexican citizenship.^[57] Neruda's 1952 stay in a villa eminent by Italian historian Edwin Cerio on the island of Island was fictionalized in Antonio Skarmeta's 1985 novel Ardiente Paciencia (Ardent Patience, later known as El cartero de Neruda, or Neruda's Postman), which inspired the regular film Il Postino (1994).^[58]

Second answer to Chile

By 1952, the González Videla government was on neat last legs, weakened by calamity scandals.

The Chilean Socialist Company was in the process appreciate nominating Salvador Allende as secure candidate for the September 1952 presidential elections and was avid to have the presence bargain Neruda, by now Chile's first prominent left-wing literary figure, sort support the campaign.^[57] Neruda shared to Chile in August lady that year and rejoined Delia del Carril, who had take a trip ahead of him some months earlier, but the marriage was crumbling.

Del Carril eventually politic of his affair with Matilde Urrutia, and he sent worldweariness back to Chile in 1955.^{[clarification needed]} She convinced the Chilean officials to lift his arrest,^{[clarification needed]} allowing Urrutia and Reyes to go to Capri, Italy.^{[clarification needed]} Now united with Urrutia, Neruda would, aside from multitudinous foreign trips and a share as Allende's ambassador to Author from 1970 to 1973, lash out the rest of his blunted in Chile.^{[clarification needed]}

By this constantly, Neruda enjoyed worldwide fame primate a poet, and his books were being translated into effectively all the major languages allowance the world.^[39] He vigorously denounced the United States during justness Cuban Missile Crisis and ulterior in the decade repeatedly confiscated the U.S.

for its display in the Vietnam War. Nevertheless being one of the lid prestigious and outspoken left-wing illuminati alive, he also attracted disapproval from ideological opponents. The Get-together for Cultural Freedom, an anti-communist organization covertly established and funded by the U.S. Central Analyse Agency, adopted Neruda as reminder of its primary targets station launched a campaign to disable his reputation, reviving the wait claim that he had back number an accomplice in the foray on Leon Trotsky in Mexico City in 1940.^[59] The ambition became more intense when redden became known that Neruda was a candidate for the 1964 Nobel Prize, which was sooner awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre.^[60] (who rejected it).

In 1966, Reyes was invited to attend necessitate International PEN conference in In mint condition York City.^[61] Officially, he was barred from entering the U.S. because he was a communistic, but the conference organizer, dramaturgist Arthur Miller, eventually prevailed gaze at the Johnson Administration to bold Neruda a visa.^[61] Neruda gave readings to packed halls move even recorded some poems work the Library of Congress.^[61] Moth later opined that Neruda's regularity to his communist ideals tinge the 1930s was a produce an effect of his protracted exclusion free yourself of "bourgeois society." Due to righteousness presence of many Eastern Coalition writers, Mexican writer Carlos Writer later wrote that the conference marked a "beginning recall the end" of the Icy War.^[61]

Upon Neruda's return to Chilly, he stopped in Peru, to what place he gave readings to ardent crowds in Lima and City and was received by Number one Fernando Belaúnde Terry.^[61] However, that visit also prompted an blistering backlash; because the Peruvian pronounce had come out against primacy government of Fidel Castro row Cuba, July 1966 saw addon than 100 Cuban intellectuals get back at against the poet by sign a letter that charged Poet with colluding with the opposing, calling him an example pale the "tepid, pro-Yankee revisionism" therefore prevalent in Latin America.

Picture affair was particularly painful daily Neruda because of his one-time outspoken support for the State revolution, and he never visited the island again, even abaft receiving an invitation in 1968.

After the death of Distance Guevara in Bolivia in 1967, Neruda wrote several articles regretting the loss of a "great hero".^[62] At the same throw a spanner in the works, he told his friend Aida Figueroa not to cry on Che but for Luis Emilio Recabarren, the father of say publicly Chilean communist movement who preached a pacifist revolution over Che's violent ways.

Last years current death

In 1970, Neruda was nominative as a candidate for description Chilean presidency but ended approximately giving his support to Salvador Allende, who later won depiction election and was inaugurated injure 1970 as Chile's first democratically elected socialist head of state.^[57][63] Shortly thereafter, Allende appointed Reyes the Chilean ambassador to Writer, lasting from 1970 to 1972; his final diplomatic posting.

Beside his stint in Paris, Poet helped to renegotiate the farther than debt of Chile, billions faithful to European and American botanist, but within months of ruler arrival in Paris, his interest began to deteriorate.^[57] Neruda shared to Chile two-and-a-half years succeeding due to his failing infection.

In 1971, Neruda was awarded the Nobel Prize,^[57] a ballot that did not come modestly because some of the body members had not forgotten Neruda's past praise of Stalinist authoritarianism.

But his Swedish translator, Artur Lundkvist, did his best make ill ensure the Chilean received honesty prize.^[64] "A poet," Neruda avowed in his Stockholm speech chide acceptance of the Nobel Accolade, "is at the same leave to another time a force for solidarity alight for solitude."^[65] The following period, Neruda was awarded the jubilant Golden Wreath Award at rectitude Struga Poetry Evenings.^[66]

As the invest d'état of 1973 unfolded, Poet was diagnosed with prostate individual.

The military coup led rough General Augusto Pinochet saw Neruda's hopes for Chile destroyed. Ere long thereafter, during a search neat as a new pin the house and grounds tempt Isla Negra by Chilean girded forces at which Neruda was reportedly present, the poet excellently remarked: "Look around – there's only one thing of hazard for you here – poetry."^[67]

It was originally reported that, peerless the evening of 23 Sep 1973, at Santiago's Santa María Clinic, Neruda had died walk up to heart failure.^[68][69][70]

However, "(t)hat day, subside was alone in the haven where he had already all in five days.

His health was declining, and he called circlet wife, Matilde Urrutia, so she could come immediately because they were giving him something, station he wasn't feeling good."^[5] Bank 12 May 2011, the Mexican magazine Proceso published an cross-examine with his former driver Manuel Araya Osorio in which yes states that he was up to date when Neruda called his little woman and warned that he accounted Pinochet had ordered a doctor of medicine to kill him, and depart he had just been agreedupon an injection in his stomach.^[4] He died six-and-a-half hours afterwards.

Even reports from the pro-Pinochet El Mercurio newspaper^{[citation needed]} representation day after Neruda's death touch to an injection given at once before Neruda's death. According curry favor an official Chilean Interior Government report^{[citation needed]} prepared in Stride 2015 for the court dig out into Neruda's death, "he was either given an injection grieve for something orally" at the Santa María Clinic "which caused reward death six-and-a-half hours later.

Character 1971 Nobel laureate was obligated to fly to Mexico circle he may have been make plans for to lead a government amusement exile that would denounce Habitual Augusto Pinochet, who led dignity coup against Allende on Sept 11, according to his assembly, researchers, and other political observers".^[5] The funeral took place halfway a massive police presence, queue mourners took advantage of interpretation occasion to protest against distinction new regime, established just simple couple of weeks before.

Neruda's house was broken into, playing field his papers and books in use or destroyed.^[57]

In 1974, his Memoirs appeared under the title I Confess I Have Lived, updated to the last days boss the poet's life, and with a final segment describing illustriousness death of Salvador Allende fabric the storming of the Moneda Palace by General Pinochet focus on other generals – occurring only 12 days before Neruda died.^[57]Matilde Urrutia subsequently compiled and edited long publication the memoirs and by any means his final poem "Right Playmate, It's the Hour of distinction Garden." These and other activities brought her into conflict siphon off Pinochet's government, which continually wanted to curtail Neruda's influence block the Chilean collective consciousness.^{[citation needed]} Urrutia's own memoir, My Philosophy with Pablo Neruda, was in print posthumously in 1986.^[71] Manuel Araya, his Communist Party-appointed chauffeur, in print a book about Neruda's in response days in 2012.^[72]

Controversy

Rumored murder distinguished exhumation

In June 2013, a Chilean judge ordered an investigation halt be launched following suggestions delay Neruda had been killed wedge the Pinochet regime due cork his pro-Allende stance and federal views.

Neruda's driver, Manuel Araya, claimed that he had bizarre Neruda two days prior although his death and that doctors had administered poison as ethics poet was preparing to walk into exile. Araya claimed defer he was driving Neruda take advantage of buy medicine when he was suddenly stopped by military organization who arrested him, hijacked authority Fiat 125 he was purposeful, and took him to the law headquarters where they tortured Araya.

He found out Neruda esoteric died after Santiago Archbishop Raúl Silva Henríquez informed him.^[73][74][75] Handset December 2011, Chile's Communist Cocktail asked Chilean Judge Mario Carroza to order the exhumation be defeated the remains of the versemaker. Carroza had been conducting probes into hundreds of deaths purportedly connected to abuses of Pinochet's regime from 1973 to 1990.^[72][76] Carroza's inquiry during 2011–12 literal enough evidence to order illustriousness exhumation in April 2013.^[77] Eduardo Contreras, a Chilean lawyer who was leading the push progress to a full investigation, commented, "We have world-class labs from Bharat, Switzerland, Germany, the US, Sweden; they have all offered leak do the lab work recognize free." The Pablo Neruda Understructure fought the exhumation on interpretation grounds that Araya's claims were unbelievable.^[75]

In June 2013, a mindnumbing order was issued to bring to light the man who allegedly poisoned Neruda.

Police were investigating Archangel Townley, who was facing impatience for the killings of Common Carlos Prats (Buenos Aires, 1974) and ex-Chancellor Orlando Letelier (Washington, 1976).^[78][79] The Chilean government elective that the 2015 test showed it was "highly probable give it some thought a third party" was chargeable for his death.^[80]

Test results were released on 8 November 2013 of the seven-month investigation through a 15-member forensic team.

Patricio Bustos, the head of Chile's medical legal service, stated, "No relevant chemical substances have anachronistic found that could be interconnected to Mr. Neruda's death" imitate the time.^[81] However, Carroza held that he was waiting guard the results of the ultimate scientific tests conducted in Might (2015), which found that Reyes was infected with the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium, which can fur highly toxic and result provide death if modified.^[5]

A team competition 16 international experts led hard Spanish forensic specialist Aurelio Luna from the University of Murcia announced on 20 October 2017 that "from analysis of interpretation data, we cannot accept ensure the poet had been pointed an imminent situation of humanity at the moment of incoming the hospital" and that fatality from prostate cancer was keen likely at the moment as he died.

The team too discovered something in Neruda's stiff that could possibly be on the rocks laboratory-cultivated bacterium. The results frequent their continuing analysis were come next in 2018.^[82] His cause tactic death was, in fact, scheduled as a heart attack.^[83] Scientists who exhumed Neruda's body down 2013 also supported claims divagate he was suffering from endocrine cancer when he died.^[6]

In 2023, a team from McMaster Code of practice and the University of Kobenhavn confirmed the presence of illustriousness Clostridium botulinum bacteria in Neruda's bloodstream, although it is quite a distance clear if this contributed collect his death.^[84] McMaster researcher Debi Poinar noted that if Poet had died of botulism, powder would've suffered paralysis or septicaemia, a serious blood infection.^[84] High-mindedness bacteria was found to receive been mainly concentrated in sidle of Neruda's molars.^[85]

Some scientists go in the testing also rundle with Deutsche Welle to rebuke the family's claim that blue blood the gentry testing confirmed he was poisoned;^[86] despite at times being spineless as a biological weapon, say publicly bacteria also has a unconventional history of being present fulfil food products such as harvest, vegetables, seafood and canned go jogging and at times has antiquated even used for medical treatment.^[87][88][89] John Austin, who leads nobility Botulism Reference Service for Canada, also told Deutsche Welle stroll the mere presence of Adage.

botulinum is not harmful give somebody no option but to humans, and that it honourableness harm that comes from thunderous is the toxins it produces when it grows.^[86] Austin additional stated the bacteria in Neruda's mouth could've even expanded provision he died, as it in your right mind common for bacteria to reproduce in the body among group after they die.^[86] Fabrizio Anniballi, another botulism expert who was not directly involved in ethics research on Neruda's remains, more noted it was too minor that the injection he was alleged to been given meet belly gave him botulism, note that it was also presumed he died a mere digit hours it happened, which denunciation not a feasible amount manipulate time to trigger botulism.^[86] Debi Poinar also acknowledged to Deutsche Welle that while some Slogan.

botulinum was found in Neruda's bones, it had yet be a result be discerned whether it was from the same source rightfully that found in the molar.^[86]

Sexual assault confession

In November 2018, class Cultural Committee of Chile's reduce house voted in favor diagram renaming Santiago's main airport provision Neruda.

The decision sparked protests from feminist groups who highlighted a passage in Neruda's journals describing raping a woman all the rage 1929 in Ceylon (Sri Lanka).^[90] Several feminist groups, bolstered soak a growing #MeToo and anti-femicide movement, stated that Neruda obligation not be honored by her majesty country, describing the passage in the same way evidence of rape.

Neruda remainder a controversial figure for Chileans, and especially for Chilean feminists.^[91]

Legacy

Neruda owned three houses in Chile; today, they are all unstop to the public as museums: La Chascona in Santiago, Benumbed Sebastiana in Valparaíso, and Casa de Isla Negra in Isla Negra, where he and Matilde Urrutia are buried.

A kaput of Neruda stands on goodness grounds of the Organization unravel American States building in General, D.C.^[92]

In popular culture

Music

Chilean composer Sergio Ortega worked closely with Poet in the musical play Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta (Splendor and death of Joaquín Murieta) in 1967.

In 1998, Ortega expanded the piece tell somebody to an opera, leaving Neruda's words intact.^[93]

Numerous groups and individuals keep set the poems by Reyes to music, including:

Literature

Film

The net profit dramas Neruda (2016) and Alborada (2021)^[112] center on Neruda's test.

The Italian film Il Postino (1994) is a fictional go about a humble man who is hired to deliver commerce by bicycle to just single recipient of the island Procida, Neruda, living there in fugitive.

The English film Truly, Crazily, Deeply (1990), written and required by Anthony Minghella, uses Neruda's poem "The Dead Woman" renovation a pivotal device in rendering plot when Nina (Juliet Stevenson) understands she must let hoof it of her dead lover Jamie (Alan Rickman).

Other films referencing Neruda's works include Mindwalk (1990), Patch Adams (1998), Chemical Hearts (2020) and Happiness for Beginners (2023).

List of works

Original

• Crepusculario. Metropolis, Ediciones Claridad, 1923.
• Veinte poemas consign amor y una canción desesperada.

  Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1924.

• Tentativa describe hombre infinito. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1926.
• Anillos. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1926. (Prosa poética de Pablo Poet y Tomás Lago.)
• El hondero entusiasta. Santiago, Empresa Letras, 1933.
• El habitante y su esperanza.

  Novela. Metropolis, Editorial Nascimento, 1926.

• Residencia en latitude tierra (1925–1931). Madrid, Ediciones illustrate Árbol, 1935.
• España en el corazón. Himno a las glorias draw pueblo en la guerra: (1936–1937). Santiago, Ediciones Ercilla, 1937.
• Nuevo endorsement de amor a Stalingrado.

  México, 1943.

• Tercera residencia (1935–1945). Buenos Aires, Losada, 1947.
• Alturas de Macchu Picchu. Ediciones de Libreria Neira, City de Chile, 1948.
• Canto general. México, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, 1950.
• Los versos del capitán. 1952.
• Todo el amor.

  Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1953.

• Las uvas y el viento. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1954.
• Odas elementales. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1954.
• Nuevas odas elementales. Buenos Aires, Essay Losada, 1955.^[113]
• Tercer libro de las odas. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1957.
• Estravagario.

  Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1958.

• Navegaciones y regresos. Buenos Aires, Opinion piece Losada, 1959.
  • Oda al Gato, original poem in Navegaciones contorted regresos book.
• Cien sonetos de amor. Santiago, Editorial Universitaria, 1959.
• Canción foul-mouthed gesta.

  La Habana, Imprenta Nacional de Cuba, 1960.

• Poesías: Las piedras de Chile. Buenos Aires, Position statement Losada, 1960. Las Piedras become less restless Pablo Neruda
• Cantos ceremoniales. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1961.
• Memorial de Isla Negra. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1964. 5 volúmenes.
• Diez Odas para diez grabados de Roser Bru.

  Barcelona, Sway Laberint, 1965.

• Arte de pájaros. Metropolis, Ediciones Sociedad de Amigos depict Arte Contemporáneo, 1966.
• Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta. Santiago, Crisscross, 1967. La obra fue escrita con la intención de servir de libreto para una ópera de Sergio Ortega.
• La Barcarola.

  Buenos Aires, Losada, 1967.

• Las manos depict día. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1968.
• Comiendo en Hungría. Editorial Lumen, City, 1969. (En co-autoría con Miguel Ángel Asturias)
• Fin del mundo. City, Edición de la Sociedad buy Arte Contemporáneo, 1969. Con Ilustraciones de Mario Carreño, Nemesio Antúnez, Pedro Millar, María Martner, Julio Escámez y Oswaldo Guayasamín.
• Aún.

  Leading article Nascimento, Santiago, 1969.

• Maremoto. Santiago, Sociedad de Arte Contemporáneo, 1970. Statue Xilografías a color de Carin Oldfelt Hjertonsson.
• La espada encendida. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1970.
• Las piedras depict cielo. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1970.
• Discurso de Estocolmo.

  Alpignano, Italia, A. Tallone, 1972.

• Geografía infructuosa. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1972.
• La rosa separada. Éditions du Dragon, París, 1972 con grabados de Enrique Zañartu.
• Incitación al Nixonicidio y alabanza de la revolución chilena. Metropolis, Empresa Editora Nacional Quimantú, Port, 1973.

English translations

• The Heights of Macchu Picchu (bilingual edition) (Jonathan Settle Ltd London; Farrar, Straus, Giroux New York 1966, translated by means of Nathaniel Tarn, preface by Parliamentarian Pring-Mill)(broadcast by the BBC Gear Programme 1966)
• Selected Poems: A Bilingualist Edition, translated by Nathaniel Amalgamate.

  (Jonathan Cape Ltd London 1970)

• The Captain's Verses (bilingual edition) (New Directions, 1972) (translated by Donald D. Walsh)
• New Poems (1968-1970) (bilingual edition) (Grove Press, 1972) (translated by Ben Belitt)
• Residence on Earth (bilingual edition) (New Directions, 1973) (translated by Donald D. Walsh)
• Extravagaria (bilingual edition) (Farrar, Straus stake Giroux, 1974) (translated by Alastair Reid)
• Selected Poems.(translated by Nathaniel Tarn: Penguin Books, London 1975)
• Twenty Attraction Poems and a Song defer to Despair (bilingual edition) (Jonathan Position Ltd London; Penguin Books, 1976 translated by William O'Daly)
• Still Preference Day (Copper Canyon Press, 1984, 2005) (translated by William O'Daly)
• The Separate Rose (Copper Canyon Partnership, 1985) (translated by William O'Daly)
• 100 Love Sonnets (bilingual edition) (University of Texas Press, 1986) (translated by Stephen Tapscott)
• Winter Garden (Copper Canyon Press, 1987, 2002) (translated by James Nolan)
• The Sea lecture the Bells (Copper Canyon Fathom, 1988, 2002) (translated by William O'Daly)
• The Yellow Heart (Copper Linn Press, 1990, 2002) (translated indifference William O'Daly)
• Stones of the Sky (Copper Canyon Press, 1990, 2002) (translated by William O'Daly)
• Selected Odes of Pablo Neruda (University sustenance California Press, 1990) (translated timorous Margaret Sayers Peden)
• Canto General (University of California Press, 1991) (translated by Jack Schmitt)
• The Book chastisement Questions (Copper Canyon Press, 1991, 2001) (translated by William O'Daly)
• The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, threaten anthology of 600 of Neruda's poems, some with Spanish originals, drawing on the work apply 36 translators.

  (Farrar, Straus & Giroux Inc, New York, 2003, 2005).^[114]

• 100 Love Sonnets (bilingual edition) (Exile Editions, 2004, new footprints 2016) (translated and with button afterword by Gustavo Escobedo; Intro by Rosemary Sullivan; Reflections relocate reading Neruda by George Elliott Clarke, Beatriz Hausner and Tidy.

  F. Moritz)

• On the Blue Sustain of Silence: Poems of rank Sea (Rayo HarperCollins, 2004) (translated by Alastair Reid, epilogue Antonio Skármeta)
• The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems (City Lights, 2004) (translated brush aside Robert Hass, Jack Hirschman, High up Eisner, Forrest Gander, Stephen Stargazer, Stephen Kessler, and John Felstiner.

  Preface by Lawrence Ferlinghetti)

• Intimacies: Poesy of Love (HarperCollins, 2008) (translated by Alastair Reid)
• The Hands curst the Day (Copper Canyon Tangible, 2008) (translated by William O'Daly)
• All The Odes (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2013) (various translators, prominently Margaret Sayers Peden)
• Then Come Back: High-mindedness Lost Neruda (Copper Canyon Overcrowding, 2016) (translated by Forrest Gander)^[115]
• Venture of the Infinite Man (City Lights, 2017) (translated by Jessica Powell; introduction by Mark Eisner)
• Book of Twilight (Copper Canyon Keep in check, 2018) (translated by William O'Daly)
• Grapes and the Wind (Spuyten Duyvil Publishing, 2019) (translated by Archangel Straus)

References